Shimul mul (Bombax ceiba) Performance and Environmental Response under Medicinal Tree-Based Agroforestry

Abstract

This study assessed the growth, yield, and environmental benefits of Shimul mul (Bombax ceiba) intercropped with three medicinal trees viz. Amloki, Haritoki, and Bohera under agroforestry systems in Bangladesh. Growth and yield of Shimul mul were significantly influenced by tree species and distance from tree bases. Amloki-based systems promoted the tallest plants, longest leaf rachis, robust root development, highest fresh yield and biomass, while Haritoki exerted the strongest competitive effects. Wider spacing (137–204 cm) reduced resource competition, achieving yields comparable to open-field conditions. Positive correlations between light intensity and yield (R² = 0.817–0.884) highlighted canopy structure as a key determinant of intercrop performance. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) exceeded 1.0 for all combinations (1.67–1.74), indicating enhanced land-use efficiency. Agroforestry slightly improved soil fertility, particularly under Amloki, and carbon sequestration was highest in Bohera. Overall, integrating Shimul mul with medicinal trees especially Amloki enhances productivity, sustainability, and climate resilience, supporting its promotion as a viable agroforestry strategy in Bangladesh.